HOW WILL WE INCREASE THE RANGE OF LENSOMETER?

the range of lensometer can be increased by placing a trial lens of known power and opposite sign alongwith the high power prescription to be checked
.for example* ur lensometer has readings marked upto 20 diopters. . . .u are given a lens power greater than 20, eg -24 diopters. . . . .place a plus 10 dioptr lens alongwith ur unknwn lens power (i.e. -24D). . . .ur lensometer will get focusd at -14 . . .nw add the deductd 10 dioptrz. . . .u wil get the final power i.e. -24 diopters.

Cranial Nerve 6 palsy

WHAT IS OPTOMETRY?

WHAT IS OPTOMETRY?

A profession which began in the early 20th century, optometry is a health care discipline which has grown significantly with advanced educational programs and the adoption of new state laws for the use of diagnostic and therapeutic drugs in optometric care.The mission of the profession of the optometry is to fulfill the vision and eye care needs of the public through clinical care, research, and education, all of which enhance the quality of life.                                                                                                

Optometrists or Doctors of Optometry are the eye care professionals who examine, diagnose, treat, and manage diseases, injuries, and disorders of the visual system, the eye, and associated structures as well as identify related systemic conditions affecting the eye. They prescribe medications, low vision rehabilitation, vision therapy, spectacle lenses, contact lenses, and perform certain surgical procedures. An optometrist completes undergraduate education in a college or university and four years of professional education at a college of optometry, leading to the doctor of optometry (O.D.) degree. Some optometrists complete an optional residency in a specific area of practice.                                                                                                                                     

  Though Optometrists are trained in all aspects of ocular and visual conditions and most practice Primary care optometry, there are those who choose to emphasize or specialize in:

•  
  • Pediatrics
  • Learning Disabilities
  • Contact Lenses
  • Ocular Disease
  • Vision Therapy
  • Geriatrics
  • Occupational Vision
  • Low Vision
  • Sports Vision
  • Rehabilitative Vision

Optometrists also test for glaucoma and other eye diseases and diagnose conditions caused by systemic diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure, referring patients to other health practitioners as needed. They prescribe medication to treat vision problems or eye diseases, and some provide preoperative and postoperative care to cataract patients, as well as to patients who have had corrective laser surgery. Like other physicians, optometrists encourage preventative measures by promoting nutrition and hygiene education to their patients to minimize the risk of eye disease.

This is a very much briefed introduction of Optometry; While Optometry is a vast field. Further details can be easily accessed at Google.com

Best of luck for a better future!!

Students of Optometry at Pakistan institute of ophthalmology

University of Health Sciences, Lahore.

Function of "CARUNCULA LACRIMALIS"in eye??

Front of left eye with eyelids separated. Caruncula visible and labeled at left.
Latin	caruncula lacrimalis
Gray's	subject #227 1028

The caruncula lachrymalis is the small, pink, globe-like nodule at the inner corner (the medial angle) of the eye. 

It haz a small piece ov skin containin sebaceous n sudoriferous glands (sweat glands), & iz the source ov whitish (seems near to milky) secretion which constantly collects in the region.

 sebaceous glands r resp0nsible 4 secreting an oily/waxy matter, called sebum, to get mixed up into da tear film 4 serving lubricating mechanism.

While sudoriferous glands r small tubular structures dat produce sweat which iz utilized az primary form of getting cooling, serving a thermal control mechanism.

Simply CARUNCULA LACRIMALIS functions in aiding the lubrication and cooling mechanisms of the ocular surface.

Coloboma of optic nerve or Morning Glory syndrome

Definition

Coloboma of optic nerve or Morning Glory syndrome is a rare defect of the optic nerve that causes moderate to severe blindness.
Morning Glory syndrome is a congenital anomaly of the optic disc in which there is a funnel-shaped excavation of the posterior fundus incorporating the optic nerve, surrounded by an elevated annulus of chorioretinal pigment.The issue stems from an undeveloped optic nerve: while in utero, the nerve ending from the eye never reached the nerve ending from the brain. A central core of white glial tissue occupies the position of the normal optic cup, causing a white mass. When a picture is taken of the eye, this white mass stands out apart from the veins of the eyes, looking very much like the center of a Morning glory flower. Reflection from within the eye may give the appearance of a white pupil, due to the lack of the "black" optic nerve mass, although this "clouded pupil" cannot be used to diagnose the disease. Morning Glory Syndrome typically affects only one eye; but cases has been documented of bilateral Morning Glory Syndrome (those with that stage of severe blindness have other disorders as well, like autism. Also, this syndrome is different from an optic disc injury, as the disorder is present at birth and not developed later in life. Young girls are twice as likely to be diagnosed with this disorder, pointing toward the possibility of a genetic connection.

Effects

Vision in the affected eye is severely impaired, depending on the completed development of the optic nerve. More mild cases cause limited depth or colorperception, while the most severe cause total blindness. Full use of the affected eye is never gained. The most common side effect of this disorder is eyestrain from overuse of the un-affected eye. Also, there is an increased risk of serious retinal detachment, manifesting in 1/3 of patients. If retinal detachment does occur, it is usually not correctable and all sight is lost in the affected eye.

Diagnosis

The first noticeable signs of the syndrome usually do not appear until after the first twelve months of the child's life. The child usually has severe balance issues as he or she learns to sit or walk, often leaning or tilting the head toward the good eye to correct the brain's skewed perception of the world. Often the child will fall in the same direction while walking or run into objects that are placed on his or her blind side. The child will also develop a "lazy eye", or an eye that drifts severely away from the child's fixed point of reference. This syndrome must be confirmed through pupillary dilation and examination of the optic disc, as the signs alone will not constitute a diagnosis.

Children with Morning Glory live relatively normal lives, even those who have discolored or lazy pupils. Although non-prescription glasses should be worn for eye protection, this syndrome does not usually prevent the individual from living a normal life, driving cars, playing sports, reading, etc. Certain activities, such as gymnastics and ice skating, may be more difficult for patients with Morning Glory due to a compromised view of the world and skewed sense of balance, but they are still possible. Like most other eye conditions, a diagnosis of Morning Glory precludes a person from certain occupations, such as being a baseball player orfighter pilot.

causes of HCV transmission

Less common causes of HCV transmission include the following:

From mother to infant at the time of childbirth

Through sexual intercourse with an infected person: Having multiple sex partners is a risk factor.

Needle sticks with HCV-contaminated blood: This is mostly seen in health care workers. The risk of developing HCV infection after a needle stick is about 1.8% (range 0%-10%). Very rarely, a blood splash to the eye of a worker has transmitted hepatitis C.

Procedures done with equipment, such as an endoscope, that has not been properly cleaned between patients. Some cases have also been traced to the reuse of syringes that were contaminated with small amounts of blood from an infected patient.

You cannot get hepatitis C by living with, being near, or touching someone with the disease. You can get the disease by sharing items contaminated with blood such as a razor, toothbrush, or nail clippers.

The source of transmission is unknown in about 30% of people with chronic hepatitis C.

Bergmeister's papilla

Bergmeister’s papilla arises from the centre of the optic disc, consists of a small tuft of fibrous tissue and represents a remnant of the hyaloid artery.

Bergmeister's papilla, histological section.

The hyaloid artery provides nutrition to the lens during development in the fetus, and runs forward to the lens from the optic disc^[1]. The optic disc is covered by a plaque of fibrous cells called the central supporting tissue meniscus of Kuhnt. This plaque forms a fibrous sheath around the hyaloid artery where it leaves the optic disc. At birth the hyaloid artery regresses, and is normally completely regressed by the time of eyelid opening. Bergmeister’s papilla is a remnant of the hyaloid artery fibrous sheath and is frequently observed as an incidental clinical finding.^[2] Bergmeister’s papilla is named after Austrian ophthalmologist O. Bergmeister (1845–1918).